1857
1857 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar).
Events January 9 - Earthquake at Fort Tejon, California with an estimated magnitude of 7.9 February 16 - The National Deaf Mute College (later renamed Gallaudet University) is established in Washington, DC becoming the first school for the advanced education of the deaf. March 3 - France and the United Kingdom declare war on China.March 4 - End of term for President of the United States Franklin Pierce. He is succeeded by James Buchanan. March 5 – In London, ex-solicitor James Towsend Saward is sentenced for transportation for forging number of cheques over the years March 6 - The Supreme Court of the United States rules in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case, driving the country further towards the American Civil War. March 23 - Elisha Otis' first elevator is installed (at 488 Broadway, New York City) May 10 - Indian Mutiny: In India, the Mutiny of XI Native Cavalry of the Bengal Army in Meerut, revolt against the British Army May 11 - Indian Mutiny: Indian rebels seize Delhi from the British. June 6 - Sophia of Nassau marries the future King Oscar II of Sweden-Norway. July 15 - Second Cawnpore massacre during the Indian Mutiny August - Calcutta University established. September 11 - Mountain Meadows Massacre in UtahNovember 30 - End of term for President of Mexico Ignacio Comonfort. He is succeeded by Félix María Zuloaga. December 31 - Queen Victoria chooses Ottawa, Ontario as the capital of Canada Divorce without parliamentary approval becomes legal in Britain Speculation in US railway shares causes financial crisis in Europe Russian serfs emancipatedThe Mormons abandon Las VegasFounding of HollywoodRestoration of the Mexican republic (see Mexico/History)Discovery of La Tene culture artifacts in Switzerland by Hansli Kopp.Philip Henry Gosse writes Omphalos text elaborating a Creationist school of thoughtUniversity of Bombay establishedThe Mughal Empire is finally destroyed by the British Empire.The city walls of Vienna are demolished, allowing the construction of the Ringstraße. Sweden lifts its ban on Danish language and Danish books in the formerly Danish provinces of Blekinge, Halland and Scania - 214 respectively 199 years after the annexion.
Births January 4 - Émile Courtet (later known as Émile Cohl), French caricaturist and animator February 12 - Bobby Peel, English cricketer (d. 1943). February 22 - Lord Robert Baden-Powell, founder of the Scouting movement (d. 1941) February 22 - Heinrich Hertz, physicist March 8 - Ruggiero Leoncavallo, Italian composer (d. 1919) March 30 - Leon Charles Thevenin, French telegraph engineer (d. 1926) April 5 - Alexander of Battenberg, first prince of Bulgaria May 7 - William A. MacCorkle, governor of West Virginia May 15 - Williamina Fleming, astronomer (d. 1911) May 31 - Pope Pius XI (d. 1939) July 23 - Carl Meinhof, German linguist (d. 1944) July 30 - Thorstein Veblen, economist (d. 1929) September 5 - Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, scientist, inventor († 1935) September 13 - Milton S. Hershey, American founder of the Hershey Chocolate Company September 13 - Michał Drzymała, Polish peasant and revolutionary (d. 1937) November 26 - Ferdinand de Saussure, Swiss linguist November 28 - King Alfonso XII of Spain November 30 - Bobby Abel, English cricketer (d. 1936) December 3 - Joseph Conrad, Polish-British novelist Joseph Tabrar, British songwriter John Jacob Abel - American pharmacologist
DeathsFebruary 10 - David Thompson, British-Canadian explorerMay 2 - Alfred de Musset, French poet (b. 1810)May 11 - Eugène François Vidocq, French criminal, first director of Surete Nationale, and founder of the earliest known private detective agencyMay 23 - Augustin Louis Cauchy, French mathematician.July 19 - Stefano Franscini, member of the Swiss Federal Council (b. 1796)August 3 - Eugène Sue, French novelist (b. 1804)September 3 - John McLoughlin, Hudson's Bay Company factorNovember 26 - Joseph von Eichendorff, German poet (b. 1788)December 15 - Sir George Cayley, English aviation pioneer.Johann Georg Hiedler, step-father of Alois Hitler
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