1870s
Events and Trends
Technology Invention of the telephone (1876) and phonograph (1877)
Science Ludwig Boltzmann's statistical definition of thermodynamic entropy
War, peace and politicsFranco-Prussian War (1870–1871) results in the collapse of the Second French Empire and in the formation of both the French Third Republic and the German Empire Continuing expansion of the British Empire; beginning of the New Imperialism Bulgaria and Romania declare independence following war against Turkey
Other In the United States, continuation of post-Civil War reconstruction until its conclusion under President Rutherford B. Hayes in 1877
World Leaders Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary) Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald (Canada) Prime Minister Alexander Mackenzie (Canada) Tongzhi Emperor (China) Guangxu Emperor (China) Emperor Wilhelm I (Germany) Chancellor Otto von Bismarck (Germany) King Victor Emmanuel II (Italy) King Umberto I (Italy) Emperor Meiji (Japan) Pope Pius IX Pope Leo XIII Emperor Alexander II (Russia) Queen Victoria (United Kingdom) Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone (United Kingdom) Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli (United Kingdom) President Ulysses S. Grant (United States) President Rutherford B. Hayes (United States)
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