Bed (furniture)

Beds come in a wide array of shapes and sizes. Early beds were little more than piles of straw or some other natural materials. An important change was raising them off the ground, to avoid drafts, dirt, and pests.

To make beds more comfortable the top layer is normally a mattress. Originally these were bags of straw for most people and filled with feathers for the wealthy. Eventually new fillings such as cotton and artificial fillers became common. In modern times most mattress use springss or solid foam.

At the top of the mattress, to provide greater support for the head, most people use a pillow. Also used is some form of covering blanket to provide warmth to the sleeper, often sheets, a quilt, or a duvet.

The bed frame may simply be made of wood or metal, but many also use springs. Most expensive and bulky, but also strong and comfortable are box springs, a large mattress-sized box containing wood and springs. A valance may be used to make the bed frame match the rest of the bedding.

Bed sizes

Most countries have a standard set of 4 sizes of mattress. While the "Double" size appears to be standard among English speaking countries, based on the imperial measurement of 4' 6Inch by 6' 3" the others sizes tend to vary. The European sizes differ again being based on metric system.

(Width by length. Metric sizes (Europe) rounded to nearest half decimetre; inch sizes (US, UK, AUS) rounded to nearest inch.)

The sizes in the UK, other than the Double, vary compared to the US sizes, being generally smaller. The US Queen corresponds to UK King and King to Super King.

The Australian Single is the same as in the UK while the Queen is the same as the US. The Australian King size differs again, having the length of the US King but the width of the UK Super King.

The European or continental basic sizes are similar to the UK but have a set length of 2 metres (width by length, Imperial sizes rounded):

These dimensions are for the mattress – the actual bed frame will be a little bigger in order to fully encompass and support the mattress. The thickness of the mattress may vary considerably.

Other less common sizes are

US:

Twin Extra Long -
39Inch × 80" (1 m × 2.05 m)

Three Quarter -
48" × 75" (1.2 m × 1.9 m)
This size is considered obsolete by the major manufacturers.

Olympic Queen -
66" × 80" (1.7 m × 2.05 m)

Californian Queen -
60" × 84" (1.5 m × 2.15 m)

Eastern King -
76" × 80" (2 m × 2.05 m)
This is the same as a US "King"

Californian King -
72" × 84" (1.85 m × 2.15 m)
California King is, by far, the standard king size on the West Coast of the United States, and is sometimes called the "West Coast King" or "WC King"

UK:

Small Single -
30" × 75" (0.75 m × 1.9 m)

Super Single -
41" × 75" (1.05 m × 1.9 m)

Three Quarter -
48" × 75" (1.2 m × 1.9 m)

Australia:

Extra Long Single -
36" × 80" (0.9 m × 2 m)

King Single -
41" × 80" (1.05 m × 2 m)

Three Quarter -
48" × 75" (1.2 m × 1.9 m)

Europe:

Extra Small Single -
0.75 m × 2 m (29½" × 78¾")

Small Single -
0.8 m × 2 m (31½" × 78¾")

Large Single -
1 m × 2 m (39½" × 78¾")

A king-sized bed differs from the other sizes in implementation, as it is not common to have a king-sized box spring; rather, two smaller box-springs are used under a king-sized mattress. On an American "Standard" or "Eastern" King, the boxsprings are identical in size to a Twin Extra-Long.

Types of bed