Computing
Originally, the word computing was synonymous with counting and calculating, and a computer was a person who computes. Since the advent of the electronic computer, it has come to also mean the operation and usage of these machines, the electrical processes carried out within the computer hardware itself, and the theoretical concepts governing them (computer science).
Science and theory Computer science Theory of computation Computational models DBLP, as of February 2005, now lists over 600 000 bibliographic entries on computer science and several thousand links to the home pages of computer scientists
Hardware
See information processor for a high-level block diagram. Computer hardware Computer network Computer system History of computing hardwareInstruction-level taxonomies
After the commoditization of memory, attention turned to optimizing CPU performance at the instruction level. Various methods of speeding up the fetch-execute cycle include: CISC RISC Superscalar VLIW
Software engineering Computer programming Software patent
History of computing hardware from the tally stick to the quantum computerPunch CardUnit record equipmentIBM 700/7000 seriesIBM 1400 seriesSystem/360Early IBM disk storage
Business computing Accounting software Computer-aided design Computer-aided manufacturing Computer-assisted dispatch Customer relationship management Data warehouse Decision support system Electronic data processing Enterprise resource planning Geographic information system Management information system Material resource planning Strategic enterprise management Supply chain management
Human factors Accessible computing Human-computer interaction
Cryptology - cryptography - information theory Cracking - demon dialing - Hacking - war dialing - war driving Social engineering - Dumpster diving Physical security - Black bag job Computer insecurity Computer surveillance defensive programming malware security engineering
Numeric data integral data types - bit, byte, etc. real data types:* Floating point (Single precision, Double precision, etc.)* Fixed point* Rational number Decimal* Binary-coded decimal (BCD)* Excess-3 BCD (XS-3)* Biquinary-coded decimal representation: Binary - Octal - Decimal - Hexadecimal (hex)Computer mathematics - Computer numbering formats -
Character data storage: Character - String - Text - Plain text* representation: ASCII - Unicode - Multibyte - EBCDIC (Widecharacter, Multicharacter) - Fieldata - Baudot
Other data topicsData compressionDigital signal processingImage processingIndexedData management
Punch cardKey punchUnit record equipment
Classes of computers Analog computer Calculator Desktop computer Desknote Digital computer Embedded computer Home computer Laptop Mainframe Minicomputer Microcomputer Personal computer Personal digital assistant (aka PDA, or Handheld computer) Server Supercomputer Tablet PC Video game console Workstation
Companies - current Apple Computer Dell Fujitsu Gateway Computers Groupe Bull Hewlett-Packard Hitachi, Ltd IBM Microsoft NEC Corporation Red Hat Silicon Graphics Sun Microsystems Unisys
Companies - historic Acorn, bought by Olivetti Bendix Corporation Burroughs, merged with Univac to become Unisys Compaq, bought by Hewlett-Packard Control Data Cray Data General DEC, bought by Compaq, in turn bought by Hewlett-Packard Digital Research - a software company for the early microprocessor-based computers English Electric Ferranti General Electric, computer division bought by Honeywell, then Bull Honeywell, computer division bought by Bull and ICL Leo Lisp Machines, Inc Marconi Nixdorf, bought by Siemens Olivetti Osborne Packard Bell Raytheon Royal McBee RCA Scientific Data Systems, sold to Xerox Siemens Sinclair Research Symbolics Univac, merged with Burroughs to become Unisys Varian Wang
Professional organizations Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) British Computer Society (BCS) Association for Survey Computing (ASC) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), in particular the IEEE Computer Society International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
Standards organizations and consortia (see also standardization) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
Miscellaneous List of computer term etymologies Load (computing) Indian Language Computing
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