Grade (education)

Central and Eastern Europe

In Russia, Ukraine, Hungary and likely the rest of the former Soviet Union and countries formerly associated with the Eastern Bloc, a five-point grading scale is used, where:

• 5 (very good or excellent) is the best possible grade,
• 4 (good),
• 3 (satisfactory) indicates "average" performance,
• 2 (unsatisfactory),
• 1 (poor) is the lowest possible grade.

Students in these countries may be labelled by their teachers according to their average grade, the labels stemming from the respective digits. For example, someone with a 5-point average is a пятёрышник (m) (pronounced: pyatyorishnik, from Russian "5", пять (pyat'))/
пятёрышница (f) (pyatyorishnitsa), while someone with a 1-point average is a еденишник (m) (yedyenishnik, hard to see if you don't know Russian, but from Russian "1", один (adin))/еденишница (f) (yedyenishnitsa).

Since mid-90s, Polish primary and secondary schools expanded this system to include 6 as a grade. In this system 5 became equivalent to `very good', and the highest mark 6—`excellent'—is awarded primarily when it is clear that the student knows the material considerably beyond the level taught in the course. In universities, a traditional four-point system is used, the grades are: 2.0 (failed), 3.0 (pass), 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0 (very good, the higest grade). There are some universities that use non-standard, additional 5.5 and 6.0 grades.

Belgium

In France, Belgium and Peru, a 20-point grading scale is used, in which 20 is the best possible grade and 0, the lowest. A score of 20 is considered perfect; accordingly, it is rarely if ever given in courses that are graded subjectively. The "passing" grade is usually 11, and in contrast to the U.S. system, grades of 12 or 13 out of 20 are usually not considered so bad.

Croatia

For system used in Croatia please see the entry in the Yugoslavia (former) section.

Denmark

The Danish gradation scale consists of 10 grades ranging from 00 to 13, with 00 being the worst.

Grade	Given for...
00	the completely unacceptable performance.
03	the very hesitant, imperfect and unsatisfactory performance.
5	the hesitant and non-satisfactory performance.
6	the somewhat hesitant but more or less satisfactory performance. Minimum passing grade
7	the performance slightly below average.
8	the average performance.
9	the performance slightly above average.
10	the excellent but somewhat routinized performance.
11	the independent and excellent performance.
13	the exceptionally independent and excellent performance.

The gap between 00 & 03, 03 & 5 and 11 & 13 are there to signify a larger difference between those grades. The leading 0 in 00 and 03 are used to prevent fraud with grades.

Please note that 00 is nearly impossible to achieve, presuming one actually is present, while 13 likewise rarely is seen outside of exams.

France

The French grading system is similar to that of Belgium in secondary schools and universities; the passing grade is 11. Primary schools generally use a 20-point grading scale.

Germany

In Germany, a 6-point grading scale is used, where:

• 1 (excellent) is the best possible grade.
• 2 (good) is the next-highest.
• 3 (satisfactory) indicates "average" performance.
• 4 (sufficient) is the lowest passing grade.
• 5 (unsatisfactory) is the higher of two failing grades.
• 6 (poor) is the lowest possible grade.

In school reports, only unmodified integer grades may be used; they are written in text form:

• 1 sehr gut
• 2 gut
• 3 befriedigend
• 4 ausreichend
• 5 mangelhaft
• 6 ungenügend

In the final classes of Gymnasiums the grades are converted to numbers ("points") in order to calculate the average for Abitur. In this case an '1+' exists (and counts as 15), '1' is 14, '1-' is 13, '2+' is 12, etc. up to '5-' is 1 and finally '6' is 0. Because 1+ exists in this system, "ultra-perfect" Abitur averages below 1.0 are possible. When the point system is used, 4 (5 points) is the lowest passing grade, and 4- (4 points) the highest failing grade.

In converting German grades to the A-F scale, a 1 = A, ... 4 = D scale is often used (with 5 and 6 both converted to Fs) but this conversion is nearly never accurate, since, for example, a grade of '2' is usually more difficult to obtain in Germany than a 'B' in the United States. (The average grade in Germany is normally supposed to be around or a bit above 3, whereas in the US average grades are often supposed to be between B- and B.)

Italy

Universities in Italy use a 30-point scale simply divided in two, non passing (0 to 17 points), and passing grades (18 to 30 points). Students having a particularly good result can get a "30 e lode" (30 and praise).

The Netherlands

In The Netherlands, grades from 1.0 up to 10.0 are used, with 1 being worst and 10 being best. Generally one decimal place is used, and 5.5 and up constitute a pass whereas 5.4 and below constitute a fail. If no decimal places are used, 6 and up is a pass and 5 and below a fail.

Peru

Peru's grading system is very similar to Belgian, please see that entry.

Poland

For the Polish system, please see section on Central and Eastern Europe.

Russia

For the Russian system, please see section on Central and Eastern Europe.

Singapore

Singapore's grading system in schools, by far is one of the more complex because of the existence of many types of institutions with different education focus and systems. Here are the more fundamental grading systems that is used at Primary, Secondary, and Junior College levels.

Lower Primary (Primary 1 to 3)

Upper Primary (Primary 4 to 6)

In rare instances, a U (ungraded) grade may be awarded for exceptionally poor quality work.

Secondary Level (for GCE "O" levels)

Note: Grades D7 and below are below the passing grades.

Students taking Higher Mother Tongue (eg: Chinese, Malay, Tamil) may be awarded a Distinction, Merit, Pass, or a Fail grade.

Junior College Level (GCE "A" and "AO" levels)

• A: 75% and above
• B: 60% to 74%
• C: 55% to 59%
• D: 50% to 54%
• E: 45% to 49% (passing grade)
• O: 40% to 44% (denotes standard is at "AO" level only),grade N in the British "A" Levels.
• F: Below 40%

Different JCs have different expectations and thus, the school reserves the discretion to moderate the marks when deem necessary. For example, some JCs may regard 50% as the passing mark instead of 45% by others.

Note: "AO" level grades at Junior College level follows the "O" level system above.

All percentages with their corresponding grades shown here are just approximate guidelines because ultimately at the end of all major examinations (Primary School Leaving Examinations or PSLE in short, GCE "N", "O" and "A" Levels) the Ministry of Education, Singapore, will moderate the results. Hence, an "A" grade for instance may no longer be at 75%. It could possibly be 73% or even 77% depending on the performance of the cohort. This is usually done to prevent grade inflation.

In addition, some schools are also offering the International Baccalaureate diploma programme.

Ukraine

For the Ukrainian system, please see section on Central and Eastern Europe.

United States, Canada, England and Wales

The A-F system

In many countries including the United States, grades are given on an A-F system where "A" is best and "F" is worst, but the letter "E" is typically omitted, since it traditionally stood for "Excellent" (see the section on the "E-S-N-U system" below), but would be very poor on an A-F system. An "F" grade is failing and results in denial of course credit, while a "D" is poor, but passing. Most U.S. colleges require grades of "C" or better in one's major, as well as a 2.0 (C) grade-point average.
A = excellent
B = good
C = average
D = poor
F = failure

By contrast, many institutions in Canada do include an "E" grade, which is a "near-fail" or "conditional pass", and may require mandated tutoring or partial repetition of the course.

In some cases, plus and minus modifiers are applied to grades to provide intermediate recognition of performance. An A−, for example, would be lower than an A but higher than a B+. Some educational institutions do not include A+s, while others do. Furthermore, pluses and minuses are not always applied to the "F" grade. Usually an "F+" is similar to Canada's "E" (and is often expressed as a "marginal fail"). An "F−" - or sometimes "FF", or particularly in England and Wales, "G" - is usually a grade given for exceptionally poor performance, academic dishonesty (frequently denoted by "FF"), or failure to produce any work ("Nothing of Merit" or "No Work Submitted").

The English system is very similar to the A-F system, but with the inclusion of the grades G, U and at GCSE level A*. A* (at GCSE) or A (at A level) is the highest, C is average, E is the minimum pass mark and U being unacceptable. Modifiers such as B- or B+ are not used as extensively as in the US and final qualification grades are never expressed as such. FF is never used.

Percentage-based grading

In objective subjects such as mathematics, grades are normally computed according to percentages such as class attendance, homework completion, and test averages. A weighted average of these variables is used to compute one percentage, which is the index from which grades are determined.

In subjective disciplines where essay exams and papers are more common, grades are sometimes represented numerically, other times with letter grades.

The specific conversion of percentages to letter grades varies according to the class. In classes with very difficult problem sets, it's not unheard of for the cutoff for passing to be 20%, and that for an "A" grade to be given at 50%.

Usually, though, primary and secondary schools use fixed systems. The traditional system is the "Tens System", written as (90/80/70/60). In other words, the lowest A (or A/B line) is at 90%, while the lowest D (or D/F line) is at 60%. In order either to set a higher standard or correct for grade inflation, however, some schools use the "Nines System" (92/83/74/65) or "Eights System" (either 93/85/77/70 or 94/86/78/70). Usually, the system employed does not make grading easier, since difficulty of exam questions will be calibrated to the grading system; indeed, exams in a school using the Tens System will often be more difficult than those in schools using the other systems.

Various rubrics exist for assigning pluses and minuses, usually assigning them to roughly the top and bottom third of a grade level, with the "base" grade (that is to say, the one that does not carry either a plus or minus sign) being widest if the number of points in the entire letter grade are not evenly divisible by three. For example, under the Tens System, the plus grades will most commonly end in 7, 8 or 9 while the minus grades will end in 0, 1 or 2, with the base grades ending in 3, 4, 5 or 6. In the Nines System the plus, base and minus bands are typically equal (spanning three points each) while plus and minus formats under the Eights System vary widely; often the base grade will consist of four points and the plus and minus grades will consist of two points each, but this is far from universal. If "A+" is omitted (and it often will be if the institution does operate under the grade-point system), the "A" and "A−" grades may cover the same number of points (or the "A" will contain one more point if their sum is an odd number), or the "A−" range may not be larger than those of the plus and minus grades found elsewhere along the grading scale, and the "A" range will be twice a large as that of the other base grades.

Rank-based grading

Informally, grading "on the curve" refers to any system wherein the group performance is used to moderate evaluation — grading need not be strictly or purely rank-based. In the most severe form, students are ranked and grades are assigned according to a student's rank, placing students in direct competition with one another.

The following is an example of a grade distribution commonly used when this sort of grading is employed.

grade	percentage
A	7%
B	24%
C	38%
D	24%
F	7%

These percentages derive from a normal distribution model of educational performance. An "A" is given here for performance that exceeds the mean by +1.5 standard deviations, a "B" for performance between +0.5 and +1.5 standard deviations above the mean, and so on.

"Grade-rationing": the case for rank-based grading

Rank-based grading is popular among some American educators, usually under the euphemism of "grade-rationing". The arguments for grade-rationing are that

• grade inflation represents a serious problem in education, that can only be counteracted by the enforcement of rank-based standards, and
• since many corporations used rank-based evaluation measures, sometimes even related to termination (see: rank and yank) such grading prepares students for the "real world".
  

  Case against rank-based grading

Cited as a case against rank-based evaluation specific to employment, Enron used a rank-based evaluation scale; the cutthroat environment created there resulted in the disgrace and downfall of the corporation. Some predict that analogous problems, on a more minor scale (cheating, theft of reserved materials) will occur in schools that use rank-based grading.

Grade point average

Grade point average (GPA) is a number that represents the average of a student's grades during his or her time at an institution. Usually it is weighted by number of credits given for the course.

Most high schools and nearly all colleges in the United States use a "four-point" system, where numerical values are applied to grades as follows:

• A = 4
• B = 3
• C = 2
• D = 1
• F = 0
• FF/G (if given) = -1

Some high schools, to bolster their students' chances in college admissions, will give higher numerical grades for difficult courses, often referred to as a weighted GPA. For example, a common conversion system used in honors and advanced placement courses is:

• A = 5
• B = 4
• C = 3
• D = 1
• F = 0
  

  The E-S-N-U system

• E (excellent)
• S (satisfactory)
• N (needs improvement)
• U (unsatisfactory)

Some variants exist in this system, including the use of an "O" (for "outstanding") grade, which is even higher than the "E"; and sometimes a "G" (for "good") is placed between the "E" and the "S".

Plus and minus grades are seldom used in this system, and on most of the occasions where they do exist, only the "S" grade may be so modified (with an "S+" and "S−" being available in addition to the base grade of "S").

Yugoslavia (former)

In Croatia and likely the rest of the former Yugoslavia, a similar five-point grading scale is used, where:

• 5 (excellent) is the best possible grade
• 4 (very good)
• 3 (good)
• 2 (sufficient) is the lowest passing grade
• 1 (insufficient) is the lowest possible grade, and the failing one

Related topics

• Grade inflation
• Dumbing down
• Education by country

• British bachelor's degree classification
• Latin honors