Pirate radio in Europe
An introduction to the subject of pirate radio can be found under that heading. - 1962
::Radio Antwerpen broadcast from the concrete vessel Uilenspiegel. - 1973
::Radio Atlantis broadcast in Flemish from the MV Mi Amigo. When its contract was taken over by Radio Mi Amigo, Radio Atlantis transferred to the MV Janeine in 1974 and added an English service, but its signal was poor and it closed on August 31, the day before the passage of the Dutch MOA, one hour after Radio Veronica and one hour before RNI. - 1974
::Radio Mi Amigo broadcast from the MV Mi Amigo (Radio Caroline's ship) 1974 - 1978, and from the Martina (Aegir II) (1979).
- 1978
::Radio Delmare broadcast from aboard the MV Aegir.
- 1958
::Radio Mercur begins transmissions from the MV Cheeta on August 2nd''' - 1961
::DCR (Danmarks Commercielle Radio) begins transmissions from the MV Lucky Star on September 15th. DCR did later unite with Radio Mercur. - 1962
::Radio Mercur ends transmissions due to a Danish law that prohibits assistance to illegal broadcasting directed to a Danish audience.
- 1960
CNBC - (Commercial Neutral Broadcasting Company) made test broadcasts in English from the MV Borkum Riff anchored off the Netherlands and also the home of the Dutch station Radio Veronica. The target audience was in southeastern England, but due to the low power and distance the programs were not successful and they were terminated after a short period of time. However, the experiment gave rise to two other ventures which were planned for vessels anchored off the coast of southeastern England. The first was GBLN which was also known as the Voice of Slough and the primary geographical target area of the transmissions. This vessel was to be based aboard the MV Ellen. What made this station notable was the fact that U.S. evangelist Herbert W. Armstrong, who financed by his daily paid broadcasts many of the successful offshore stations which followed, believed in the project to the extent that his broadcast called The World Tomorrow was listed in the radio log of his worldwide magazine (The Plain Truth), as being heard at 8 PM daily at 306 metres in the medium wave: (AM). Almost at the same time a spin-off venture from GBLN was created by GBOK which intended to broadcast from a former lightship known as the Lady Dixon. Althought the mainstream press reported on both stations at the time, neither venture came on the air.
::1964: Radio Caroline began broadcasting on March 28 from aboard the MV Caroline (formerly MV Fredericia) anchored off southeastern England, later moved to anchorage off Isle of Man. Radio Atlanta began broadcasting on May 12 from aboard the MV Mi Amigo from an anchorage close to Radio Caroline. The Mi Amigo had been previously used by Radio Nord to broadcast to Sweden. On July 2, 1964, Radio Caroline and Radio Atlanta agreed upon forming the Caroline Network while retaining independent owners of each station. As a result of this agreement Radio Caroline on board the MV Caroline sailed north, while the MV Mi Amigo remained at her original anchorage off southeastern England. 1964: Radio Caroline South broadcasting from the MV Mi Amigo to the south of England. 1964: Radio Caroline North broadcasting from the MV Caroline to the north of England, the Isle of Man, Ireland and Scotland. 1964: Wonderful Radio London broadcasting from a former US minesweeper renamed MV Galaxy anchored off Southeast England. This station was the most successful UK offshore commercial radio between late 1964 and August of 1967. The station gained its unique name from a series of PAMS jingles made in Dallas, Texas where they had been used by Wonderful KBOX. The jingles and part of the format were later copied by the BBC to create Wonderful Radio One and The Who incorporated these jingles on their album The Who Sell Out. Big L as the station was fondly called, followed a similar format to KLIF in Dallas where the station had been financed by car dealers and oil men who were friends and business associates of Don Pierson of Eastland, Texas. 1964: Radio Invicta broadcasting from Red Sands Fort, on a sandbar which was the location of a massive complex of towers off southeastern England, which had been a WWII British Army Fort left unstaffed after the War. The station did not last and it returned to the air as KING Radio, which in turn gave way to Radio 390 after a considerable financial investment had been made in the company and broadcasting site. Radio 390 was unique in that it had a good quality signal and transmitted a wide variety of programs from easy music to serials, children's programs, business programs, religious programs, plus news and weather bulletins.
1964: Radio Sutch broadcasting from Shivering Sands, a sandbar which was the location of another massive complex of towers off Southeast England, which had also been a WWII British Army Fort left unstaffed after the War. Radio Sutch was named after its founder, the British rock artist Screaming Lord Sutch who took his style and a part of his name from the American artist Screamin' Jay Hawkins. Radio Sutch did not last and soon gave way to Radio City which called itself "The tower of power" due to the height of its antenna. This station was financed in part under a joint venture with investors in the original Radio Atlanta project. In 1966 it was due to this ill-fated arrangement that Reginald Calvert, the manager of Screaming Lord Sutch and the owner of Radio City, was shot dead at the home of Major Oliver Smedley following a boarding of his station by his former business associates. They had removed the transmitter crystals and knocked the station off the air. Due in part to the sensational death of Reg Calvert and lurid tales depicting real swashbuckling piracy, the British government were finally able to bring in legislation to make offshore broadcasting a part of British criminal law in the United Kingdom. Radio Essex broadcasting from a WWII British Royal Navy barge which had been originally fitted with a sea fort and then towed to and sunk upon Knock John sandbar. This station was created by Roy Bates, who later made claims that he had created the Principality of Sealand on yet another disused Royal Navy sunken barge. Radio Essex discovered that its location was within British territorial waters and following a court summons the station attemped to reinvent itself in 1966 as BBMS - Britain's Better Music Station. This low-power station mainly covered parts of the counties of Essex, Kent and East Anglia. SRE - Swinging Radio England aboard the MV Laissez Faire anchored off southeastern England. This station was also created and financed by Don Pierson and his business associates in Texas. SRE followed a fast-paced "All-American" top 40 format similar to KBOX in Dallas, Texas, but the American disc jockeys had also grafted on a hybrid 'boss jocks' formula which had been employed by RKO stations in the USA, although the hybrid was far more forceful and pounding than the original. The PAMS jingles used by SRE were the resung versions of those first used by WABC in New York. SRE arrived around the time of the death of Reg Calvert, owner of Radio City and the political drive to bring in legislation to shut the offshore stations down. These and other unfortunate development brought about the rapid demise of SRE. At first the Texas owners wanted to rename the station Radio Holland and broadcast in Dutch to the Netherlands. Their plans went ahead after the name Radio Dolfijn had been selected instead. However, it was not long before the station changed its name yet again to Radio 227 as a hybrid of a hybrid SRE in Dutch. This station closed in 1967 just prior to the Marine Broadcasting Offences Act becoming law. 1966: Britain Radio which called itself the Hallmark of Quality, was a beautiful music format station. Its jingles also came from PAMS in Dallas and it shared something in common with SRE. Both stations were located in studios built in a container which had been lowered into the hold of the MV Laissez Faire. This station was also created and originally financed by friends and associates of Don Pierson. However, Britain Radio did not last and it was replaced by Radio 355 managed by Ted Allbuery who had successfully created Radio 390.
::1966: Radio Tower and TV Tower attempted broadcasting from another WWII British Royal Navy barge which had also been fitted with a sea fort and then towed to and sunk upon Sunk Head sandbar. Only the radio station made test broadcasts and the TV station is alleged to have made a single, but unconfirmed test transmission. 1966: Radio 270 aboard the MV Oceaan VII anchored off the Yorkshire coast of Northeast England.
Following the introduction of the Marine Broadcasting Offences Act (Marine & Etc. Broadcasting Offences Act) on August 14, 1967 at midnight, the only two offshore radio stations left on the British airwaves were broadcasting from the two Caroline Network stations which had enjoyed a semi-legal status with offices located in London and Liverpool. After the passage of the MOA the two stations soon began announcing themselves individually as Radio Caroline International. The two ship stations of Radio Caroline International eventually ran out of money in early 1968 and a salvage company towed them away for unpaid bills. But when a new and very powerful offshore radio station aboard the MV Mebo II anchored off the coast of Southeast England in time for the British General Election, it suddenly switched its name from Radio Northsea International - (RNI), to - Radio Caroline and began to lobby for the introduction of licensed commercial radio in the United Kingdom. As a result of this development the British Government resorted to Jamming the station with a succession of increasingly powerful transmitters on the same frequency. After the election Radio Caroline fell silent once more and the radio ship moved back to Holland where it became Radio Northsea International once again. In 1980, the MV Mi Amigo sank in a storm. The MV Caroline had been previously scrapped. In 1983 Radio Caroline returned to the airwaves from a larger ship called the MV Ross Revenge which had been previously used by Ross Fisheries as a fishing vessel in the Cod Wars with Iceland. The radio ship anchored off Southeast England and became home to: Radio Caroline in English with part time services known as Caroline Overdrive playing album music programs and Caroline Viewpoint airing sponsored religious programs. Also on board was a Dutch service on another AM frequency, which was managed under contract to Dutch organizations and known variously as: Radio Monique, Radio 558 and Radio 819. On shortwave a third station operated a sponsored religious broadcasting station under the name of WMR - World Mission Radio with an over the air mailing address in California, USA. Because of its American address, this station triggered international complaints to the US FCC during 1988 and 1989. The FCC was at that time engaged in legal casework over Radio Newyork International, whose founder had previously been aboard the MV Ross Revenge helping to set up an earlier shortwave radio channel. In defense of its case for Radio Newyork International lawyers had submitted briefs to the US District Court citing the examples of Radio Caroline and the Voice of Peace as offshore broadcasting stations that had been left alone unchallenged by governmental interference. On August 19, 1989, Dutch authorities with British assistance, raided the MV Ross Revenge and shut down all transmissions. Laser 558 broadcast from the MV Communicator and within a matter of months it gained an audience of millions. Lack of advertising due to UK laws starved the station off the air. However, it did return briefly in 1986 as Laser Hot Hits but the station did not last for the same reasons as before. The legacy of the original Laser 558 was in its impact upon British broadcasting at the time, because it forced licensed stations to take note of the success of this short lived offshore station and to attempt to incorporate its ideas and some of its personnel into their own programming. On November 5, 1990, the last broadcast was made from the MV Ross Revenge in international waters as a pirate radio ship. Finally, after remaining silent for many months, the MV Ross Revenge was towed into port at Dover, England on November 22, 1991, after running aground on the Goodwin Sands during a storm. Since that time all broadcasts in the name of Radio Caroline have been licensed by the British government authorities, usually as low power special events broadcasts for limited time periods.
See Pirate radio in France.
See Irish pirate radio.
- 1960
::Radio Veronica in Dutch aboard the MV Borkum Riff and later the MV Norderney. - 1964
::Radio Noordzee and TV Noordzee transmitted in Dutch from REM island, an artificial construction resembling an early offshore oil platform. It was built in the Republic of Ireland and towed into a position off the coast of Holland where it was assembled on site. The two stations were short lived and were forcibly closed by an air and sea attack by the Dutch Armed Forces. However, the funds solicited from the project by the REM island project were later used to launch a legitimate and fully licensed station in the Netherlands. - 1969
::Radio Northsea International (RNI) broadcasting on AM, FM and international shortwave from the MV Mebo II which was originally anchored off the Netherlands. The ship moved for a time off the coast of southeastern England where it was jammed by a Royal Navy transmitter. The vessel then returned to Holland. The owners of this station were quite controversial having been involved with the civil war in Nigeria: (Biafra) and a complicated involvement with the sale of electronic equipment that featured in the trial of the men responsible for blowing up a PanAm jetliner over Scotland. The end came for the MV Mebo II when the owners sold their offshore station to Libya as a revolutionary radio station. In the end Libya blew the vessel up and sank it for target practice. - 1970
::Capital Radio aboard the MV King David. - 1973
::Radio Atlantis aboard the MV Janine.
- 1978
::Radio Delmare aboard the MV ''Martina". This vessel also took a generator to "Radio Caroline" then using the MV "Mi Amigo". - 1981
::Radio Paradijs made test broadcasts only from the MV Magda Maria (Lieve) which was anchored off the Netherlands before the station was forcibly closed. - 2004
On the border to Germany (transmitter in Germany, radio mast in the Netherlands), the perhaps most powerful pirate radio station operated. It used for its transmission on the FM-frequency 97 MHz a 101.2 metre high guyed mast and a 10 kilowatt transmitter. The equipment was comparable to a German high power FM station [1].
- 1965
::Radio Scotland (also known as Radio Scotland and Ireland) at various locations along the coast of Scotland from the former lightship Comet. The station was the creation of Tommy Shields.
- 1958
::Radio Mercur; Skanes Radio Mercur, Radio Syd (at various times) from the MV Cheeta and later the MV Cheeta 2 which was also used at various times by TV Syd and for a time Radio Caroline South while the ship was anchored off Southeast England. - 1961
::Radio Nord broadcasting in Swedish from the MV Bon Jour (later renamed Magda Maria and Mi Amigo). This station was the behind-the-scenes creation of American Top 40 broadcasting pioneer Gordon McLendon and Clint Murchison, owner of the Dallas Cowboys football team, both from Dallas, Texas. As the MV Mi Amigo, this radio ship would later be used to transmit under the names of: Radio 199; Radio Veronica; Radio Atlantis; Radio Seagull, Radio Mi Amigo and Radio Caroline.
- See UK pirate radio.
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