Reference electrode

Reference electrode
is an electrode which has stable and well-known electrode potential.
High stability of electrode potential usually reached by emplying of a redox system with constant (buffered or saturated) concentrations of each participants of the redox reaction.

Reference electrodes are used to measure electrochemical potential.

Common reference electrodes and potential with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode:

Standard hydrogen electrode (E=0.000V)
Calomel Electrode (E=-0.247V saturated)
Copper Copper Sulphate Electrode (E=-0.318V)
Silver Chloride Electrode (E=-0.225V saturated)
pH-electrode (in case of pH buffed solutions, see buffer solution)
Palladium-Hydrogen electrode

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