Table of Chinese monarchs

Below is a table of Chinese monarchs.

From the Shang dynasty to the Qin, rulers usually held the title King (王 wáng). With the division of China into separate Warring States, this title had become so common that the unifier of China, the first Qin emperor Qin Shi Huang created a new title for himself, that of Emperor (皇帝 huángdì). This title of Emperor continued to be used for the remainder of China's imperial history, right down to the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912.

Chinese monarchs were known by many different names, and how they should be identified is often confusing. Sometimes the same emperor is commonly known by two or three separate names, or the same name is used by emperors of different dynasties. The tables below do not necessarily include all of an emperor's names - for example, posthumous names could run to more than twenty characters and were rarely used in historical writing - but where possible the most commonly used name or naming convention has been indicated.

These tables may not necessarily represent the most recently updated information on Chinese monarchs; please check the page for the relevant dynasty for possible additional information.

Xia dynasty

Ca. 2070 BC - 1600 BC¹

Shang dynasty

Ca. 1600 BC - 1046 BC¹

Zhou dynasty

Mid 11th century BC - 256 BC, traditionally divided into:

the Western Zhou dynasty, ca. 1046 BC¹ - 771 BC

the Eastern Zhou dynasty, 770 BC - 256 BC, in turn divided into:

*the Spring and Autumn period, 770 BC - 476 BC

*the Warring States period, 475 BC - 221 BC

Qin dynasty

Sovereigns of Qin Dynasty 221 B.C-207 B.C
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) Personal Names Period of Reigns
Convention: "Qin" + posthumous name
Note: King Zhaoxiang of Qin (秦昭襄王, Qín Zhāoxiāng Wáng) had already been ruling Qin for 51 years when Qin anniliated Zhou Dynasty; however the other six warring states were still independent regimes. Historiographers thus used the next year (the 52nd year of Qin Zhaoshang Wang) as the official continuation from Zhou Dynasty therefore so should we. Qin Shi Huang was the first Chinese sovereign proclaiming himself "Emperor".
昭襄王 Zhāoxiāng Wáng 嬴則 Yíng Zé or 嬴稷 Yíng Jì 255 B.C-250 B.C
孝文王 Xiào Wénwáng 嬴柱 Yíng Zhù 250 B.C
莊襄王 Zhuāngxiāng Wáng 嬴子楚 Yíng Zichǔ 249 B.C-247 B.C
始皇帝 Shǐ Huángdì 嬴政 Yíng Zhèng 246 B.C-210 B.C
二世皇帝 Èr Shì Huándì 嬴胡亥 Yíng Húhài 209 B.C-207 B.C
Ziying can be referred to using either his personal name or Qín Wáng Ziyīng (秦王子嬰)
Did not exist 嬴子嬰 Yíng Ziyīng 207 B.C

Han dynasty

Han Dynasty Sovereigns
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: "Han" + posthumous name
Western Han Dynasty 206 B.C-9 AD
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) Liu Bang (劉邦 liu3 bang1) 206 B.C-195 B.C Did not exist
Hui Di (惠帝 hui4 di4) Liu Ying (劉盈 liu3 ying2) 194 B.C-188 B.C Did not exist
Shao Di (Shao Di Gong) (少帝 shao4 di4) Liu Gong|劉恭 liu3 gong1 188 B.C-184 B.C Did not exist
Shao Di (Shao Di Hong) (少帝 shao4 di4) Liu Hong|劉弘 liu3 hong2 184 B.C-180 B.C Did not exist
Wen Di (文帝 wen2 di4) Liu Heng (劉恆 liu3 heng2) 179 B.C-157 B.C Houyuan (後元 hou4 yuan2) 163 B.C-156 B.C
Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4) Liu Qi (劉啟 liu3 qi3) 156 B.C-141 B.C
Chngyuan (中元 zhong1 yuan2) 149 B.C-143 B.C
Houyuan (後元 hou4 yuan2) 143 B.C-141 B.C
Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) Liu Che (劉徹 liu3 che4) 140 B.C- 87 B.C
Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 140 B.C-135 B.C
Yuanguang(元光 yuan2 guang1) 134 B.C-129 B.C
Yuanshuo (元朔 yuan2 shuo4) 128 B.C-123 B.C
Yuanshou (元狩 yuan2 shou4) 122 B.C-117 B.C
Yuanding (元鼎 yuan2 ding3) 116 B.C-111 B.C
Yuanfeng (元封 yuan2 feng1) 110 B.C-105 B.C
Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 104 B.C-101 B.C
Tianhan (天漢 tian1 han4) 100 B.C-97 B.C
Taishi (太始 tai4 shi3) 96 B.C-93 B.C
Zhenghe (征和 zheng1 he2) 92 B.C-89 B.C
Houyuan (後元 hou4 yuan2) 88 B.C-87 B.C

Zhao Di (昭帝 zhao1 di4) Liu Fu Ling (劉弗陵 liu3 fu2 ling2) 86 B.C- 74 B.C
Shiyuan (始元 shi3 yuan2) 86 B.C-80 B.C
Yuanfeng (元鳳 yuan2 feng4) 80 B.C-75 B.C
Yuanping(元平 yuan2 ping2) 74 B.C

Chang Yi Wang (昌邑王 chang1 yi2 wang2) Liu He (劉賀 liu3 he4) 74 B.C Yuanping(元平 yuan2 ping2) 74 B.C

Xuan Di (宣帝 xuan1 di4) Liu Xun (劉詢 liu3 xun2) 73 B.C- 49 B.C
Benshi (本始 ben3 shi3) 73 B.C-70 B.C
Dijie (地節 di4 jie2) 69 B.C-66 B.C
Yuankang (元康 yuan2 kang1) 65 B.C-61 B.C
Shenjue (神爵 shen2 jue2) 61 B.C-58 B.C
Wufeng (五鳳 wu3 feng4) 57 B.C-54 B.C
Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 53 B.C-50 B.C
Huanglong (黃龍 hunag2 long2) 49 B.C

Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4) Liu Shi (劉奭 liu3 shi4) 48 B.C- 33 B.C
Chuyuan (初元 chu1 yuan2) 48 B.C-44 B.C
Yongguang (永光 yong3 guang1) 43 B.C-39 B.C
Jianzhao (建昭 jian4 zhao1) 38 B.C-34 B.C
Jingning (竟寧 jing4 ning2) 33 B.C

Cheng Di (成帝 cheng2 di4) Liu Ao (劉驁 liu3 ao2) 32 B.C-7 B.C
Jianshi (建始 jian4 shi3) 32 B.C-28 B.C
Heping (河平 he2 ping2) 28 B.C-25 B.C
Yangshuo(陽朔 yang2 shuo4) 24 B.C-21 B.C
Hongjia (鴻嘉 hong2 jia1) 20 B.C-17 B.C
Yongshi (永始 yong3 shi3) 16 B.C-13 B.C
Yuanyan (元延 yuan2 yan2) 12 B.C-9 B.C
Suihe (綏和 sui1 he2) 8 B.C-7 B.C

Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4) Liu Xin (劉欣 liu3 xin1) 6 B.C-1 B.C
Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 6 B.C-3 B.C
Yuanshou (元壽 yuan2 shou4) 2 B.C-1 B.C

Ping Di (平帝 ping2 di4) Liu Kan (劉衎 liu3 kan4) 1-5 Yuanshi (元始 yuan2 shi3) 1-5

Ru Zi Ying (孺子嬰 ru2 zi5 ying1) Liu Ying (劉嬰 liu3 ying1) 6-8
Jushe (居攝 ju1 she4) 6- October 8
Chushi (初始 chu1 shi3) November 8-December 8

the Xin Dynasty by Wang Mang 9-23
Shijianguo (始建國 shi3 jian4 guo1) 9- 13
Tianfeng (天鳳 tian1 feng1) 14-19
Dihuang (地皇 di4 huang2) 20-23

Geng Shi Di (更始帝 gang4 shi3 di4) Liu Xuan (劉玄 liu3 xuan2) 23-25 Gengshi (更始 geng4 shi3) 23-25

Eastern Han Dynasty 25 AD - 220 AD
Guang Wu Di (光武帝 guang1 wu3 di4) Liu Xiu (劉秀 liu3 xiu4) 25-57
Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 25-56
Jianwuzhongyuan (建武中元 jian4 wu3 zhong1 yuan2) 56-57

Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4) Liu Zhuang (劉莊 liu3 zhuang1) 58-75 Yongping (永平 yong3 ping2) 58-75

Zhang Di (章帝 zhang1 di4) Liu Da (劉炟 liu3 da2) 76-88
Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) 76-84
Yuanhe (元和 yuan2 he2) 84-87
Zhanghe (章和 zhang1 he2) 87-88

He Di (和帝 he2 di4) Liu Zhao (劉肇 liu3 zhao4) 89-105
Yongyuan (永元 yong3 yuan2) 89-105
Yuanxing (元興 yuan2 xing1) 105

Shang Di (殤帝 shang1 di4) Liu Long (劉隆 liu3 long2) 106 Yanping (延平 yan2 ping2) 9 months in 106

An Di (安帝 an1 di4) Liu Hu (劉祜 liu3 hu4) 106-125 Yongchu (永初 yong3 chu1) 107-113
Yuanchu (元初 yuan2 chu1) 114-120
Yongning(永寧 yong3 ning2) 120-121
Jianguang (建光 jian4 guang1) 121-122
Yanguang (延光 yan2 guang1) 122-125

Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4) or Bei Xiang Hou (北鄉侯 bei3 xiang1 hou2) Liu Yi (劉懿 liu3 yi4) 125 Yanguang (延光 yan2 guang1) 125

Shun Di (順帝 shun4 di4) Liu Bao (劉保 liu3 bao2) 125-144
Yongjian (永建 yong3 jian4) 126-132
Yangjia (陽嘉 yang2 jia1) 132-135
Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 136-141
Hanan (漢安 han4 an1) 142-144
Jiankang (建康 jian4 kang1) 144

Chong Di (沖帝 chong1 di4) Liu Bing (劉炳 liu3 bing3) 144-145 Yongxi (永熹 yong1 xi1) 145

Zhi Di (質帝 zhi2 di4) Liu Zuan (劉纘 liu3 zuan3) 145-146 Benchu (本初 ben3 chu1) 146

Huan Di (桓帝 huan2 di4) Liu Zhi (劉志 liu3 zhi3) 146-168
Jianhe (建和 jian4 he2) 147-149
Heping (和平 he2 ping2) 150
Yuanjia (元嘉 yuan2 jia1) 151-153
Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 153-154
Yongshou (永壽 yong3 shou4) 155-158
Yanxi (延熹 yan2 xi1) 158-167
Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 167

Ling Di (靈帝 ling2 di4) Liu Hong (劉宏 liu2 hong2) 168-189
Jianning (建寧 jian4 ning2) 168-172
Xiping (熹平 xi1 ping2) 172-178
Guanghe (光和 guang1 he2) 178-184
Zhongping(中平 zhong1 ping2) 184-189

Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4) or Hong Nong Wang (弘農王 hong2 nong2 wang2) Liu Bian (劉辯 liu3 bian4) 189
Guangxi (光熹 guang1 xi1) 189
Zhaoning (昭寧 zhao1 ning2) 189

Xian Di (獻帝 xian4 di4) Liu Xie (劉協 liu3 xie2) 189-220
Yonghan (永漢 yong3 han4) 189
Chuping (初平 chu1 ping2) 190-193
Xingping (興平 xing1 ping2) 194-195
Jianan (建安 jian4 an1) 196-220
Yankang (延康 yan2 kang1) 220

Three Kingdoms Period

Three Kingdoms Sovereigns
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Wei 220-265 AD
Convention: "Wei" + posthumous name, sometimes except Cao Pi who was referred using personal names.
Wen Di (文帝 wen2 di4) Cao Pi|曹丕 cao2 pi1 220-226 Huangchu (黃初 huang2 chu1) 220-226
Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4) Cao Rui|曹叡 cao2 rui4 226-239
Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 227-233
Qinglong (青龍 qing1 long2) 233-237
Jingchu (景初 jing3 chu1) 237-239

Qi Wang (齊王 qi2 wang2) Cao Fang|曹芳 cao2 fang1 239-254
Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 240-249
Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 249-254

Gao Gui Xiang Gong (高貴鄉公 gao1 gui4 xiang1 gong1) Cao Mao|曹髦 cao2 mao2 254-260
Zhengyuan (正元 zheng4 yuan2) 254-256
Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 256-260
Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4) Cao Huan|曹奐 cao2 huan4 260-265
Jingyuan (景元 jing3 yuan2) 260-264
Xianxi (咸熙 xian2 xi1) 264-265

Shu or Shu Han 221 - 263
Convention: use personal name
Zhao Lie Di (昭烈帝 zhao1 lie4 di4) 劉備 (liu2 bei4) 221-223 Zhangwu (章武 zhang1 wu3) 221-223

Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) Liu Chan|劉禪 (liu2 xhan2) 223-263
Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 223-237
Yanxi (延熙 yan2 xi1) 238-257
Jingyao (景耀 jing3 yao4) 258-263
Yanxing (炎興 yan2 xing1) 263

Wu 222-280
Convention: use personal name
Da Di (大帝 da4 di4) 孫權 sun1 quan2 222-252
Huangwu (黃武 huang2 wu3) 222-229
Huanglong (黃龍 huang2 long2) 229-231
Jiahe (嘉禾 jia1 he2) 232-238
Chiwu (赤烏 chi4 wu1) 238-251
Taiyuan (太元 tai4 yuan2) 251-252
Shenfeng (神鳳 shen2 feng4) 252
Kuai ji wang (會稽王 kuai4 ji1 wang2) Sun Liang|孫亮 sun1 liang4 252-258
Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 252-253
Wufeng (五鳳 wu3 feng4) 254-256
Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 256-258

Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4) Sun Xiu 孫休 sun1 xiu1 258-264 Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 258-264

Wu Cheng Hou (烏程侯 wu1 cheng2 hou2) Sun Hao 孫皓 sun1 hao4 264-280
Yuanxing (元興 yuan2 xing1) 264-265
Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 265-266
Baoding (寶鼎 bao3 ding3) 266-269
Jianheng (建衡 jian4 heng2) 269-271
Fenghuang (鳳凰 feng4 huang2) 272-274
Tiance (天冊 tian1 ce4) 275-276
Tianxi (天璽 tian1 xi3) 276
Tianji (天紀 tian1 ji4) 277-280

Jin Dynasty

Jin Dynasty (265-420) Sovereigns
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: "Jin" + posthumous name
Xi (Western) Jin Dynasty 265-317
Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) Sima Yan 司馬炎 si1 ma3 yan2 265-290
Taishi (泰始 tai4 shi3) 265-274
Xianning (咸寧 xian2 ning2)275-280
Taikang (太康 tai4 kang1) 280-289
Taixi (太熙 tai4 xi1) 290

Hui Di (惠帝 hui4 di4) Sima Zhong|司馬衷 si1 ma3 zhong1 290-306
Yongxi (永熙 yong3 xi1) 290
Yongping (永平 yong3 ping) 291
Yuankang (元康 yuan2 kang1) 291-299
Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 300-301
Yongning (永寧 yong3 ning2) 301-302
Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 302-303
Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 304
Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 304
Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 304
Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 304-306
Guangxi (光熙 guang1 xi1) 306

Huai Di (懷帝 huai2 di4) Sima Chi|司馬熾 si1 ma3 chi4 307-311 Yongjia (永嘉 yong3 jia1) 307-313

Min Di(愍帝 min3 di4) Sima Ye|司馬鄴 si1 ma3 ye4 313-317 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 313-317

Dong (Eastern) Jin Dynasty 317 AD - 420 AD
Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4) Sima Rui|司馬睿 si1 ma3 rui4 317-322
Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 317-318
Daxing (大興 da4 xing1) 318-321
Yongchang (永昌 yong3 chang3) 321-322

Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4) Sima Shao|司馬紹 si1 ma3 shao4 322-325
Yongchang (永昌 yong3 chang3) 322-323
Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 323-325

Cheng Di (成帝 cheng2 di4) Sima Yan|司馬衍 si1 ma3 yan3 325-342
Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 325
Xianhe (咸和 xian2 he2) 326-334
Xiankang (咸康 xian2 kang1) 335-342

Kang Di (康帝 kang1 di4) Sima Yue|司馬岳 si1 ma3 yue4 342-344 Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 343-344

Mu Di (穆帝 mu4 di4) Sima Dan|司馬聃 si1 ma3 dan1 345-361
Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 345-356
Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 357-361

Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4) Sima Pi|司馬丕 si1 ma3 pi1 361-365
Longhe (隆和 long2 he2) 362-363
Xingning (興寧 xing1 ning2) 363-365

Fei Di (海西公 hai3 xi1 gong1) Sima Yi|司馬奕 si1 ma3 yi4 365-371 Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 365-371

Jian Wen Di (簡文帝 jian3 wen2 di4) Sima Yu|司馬昱 si1 ma3 yu4 371-372 Xianan (咸安 xian2 an1) 371-372

Xiao Wu Di (孝武帝 xiao4 wu3 di4) Sima Yao|司馬曜 si1 ma3 yao4 372-396
Ningkang (寧康 ning2 kang1) 373-375
Taiyuan (太元 tai4 yuan2) 376-396

An Di (安帝 an1 di4) Sima De Zong|司馬德宗 si1 ma3 de2 zong1 396-418
Longan (隆安 long2 an1) 397-401
Yuanxing (元興 yuan2 xing1) 402-404
Yixi (義熙 yi4 xi1) 405-418

Gong Di (恭帝 gong1 di4) Sima De Wen|司馬德文 si1 ma3 de2 wen2 419-420 Yuanxi (元熙 yuan2 xi1) 419-420

Sixteen Kingdoms Period

Sovereigns in the Period of Sixteen Kingdoms
Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4) Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: use personal name
Han Zhao Empire 304-329 AD (addressed separately in traditional texts as Han Empire and Former Zhao Empire)
Han Empire 304-318
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) Guang Wen Di (光文帝 guang1 wen2 di4) Liu Yuan|劉淵 liu2 yuan1 304-310
Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 304-308
Yongfeng (永鳳 yong3 feng4) 308-309
Herui (河瑞 he2 rui4) 309-310
Did not exist Liang Wang (梁王 liang2 wang2) Liu He|劉和 liu2 he2 7 days in 310 Did not exist

Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1) Zhao Wu Di (昭武帝 zhao1 wu3 di4) Liu Cong|劉聰 liu2 cong1 310-318
Guangxing (光興 guang1 xing1) 310-311
Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 311-315
Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 315-316
Linjia (麟嘉 lin2 jia1) 316-318

Did not exist Yin Di (隱帝 yin3 di4) Liu Can|劉粲 liu2 can4 a month and days in 318 Hanchang (漢昌 han4 chang1) 318

Qian (Former) Zhao Empire 318-329
Did not exist Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) Liu Yao|劉曜 liu2 yao4 318-329 Guangchu (光初 guang1 chu1) 318-329

Hou (Later) Zhao Empire 319 - 351
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4) Shi Le|石勒 shi2 le4 319-333
Zhaowang (趙王 zhao4 wang2) 319-328
Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 328-330
Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 330-333

Did not exist Hai Yang Wang (海陽王 hai3 yang2 wang2) Shi Hong|石弘 shi2 hong2 333-334
Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 333
Yanxi (延熙 yan2 xi1) 334

Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) Shi Hu|石虎 shi2 hu3 334-349
Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 334-349
Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 349

Did not exist Qiao Wang (譙王 qiao2 wang2) Shi Shi|石世 shi2 shi4 73 days in 349 Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 73 days in 349

Did not exist Pang Cheng Wang (彭城王 pang2 cheng2 wang2) Shi Zun|石遵 shi2 zun1 183 days in 349 Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 183 days in 349

Did not exist Yi Yang Wang (義陽王 yi4 yang2 wang2) Shi Jian|石鑒 shi2 jian4 103 days within 349-350 Qinglong (青龍 qing1 long2) 103 days within 349-350

Did not exist Xin Xing Wang (新興王 xin1 xing1 wang2) Shi Zhi|石祗 shi2 zhi1 350-351 Yongning (永寧 yong3 ning2) 349-350

Cheng Han Empire 303-347 AD(addressed separately in traditional texts as Cheng Empire and Han Empire)
Cheng Empire 303-338
Shi Zu (始祖 shi3 zu3) or Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4) Li Te|李特 li3 te4 303 Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) or Jingchu (景初 jing3 chu1) 303
Did not exist Qin Wen Wang (秦文王 qin2 wen2 wang2) Li Liu|李流 li3 liu2 several months in 303 Did not exist

Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1) Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) Li Xiong|李雄 li3 xiong2 303-334
Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 303-305
Yanping (晏平 yan4 ping2) 305-311
Yuheng (玉衡 yu4 heng2) 311-334

Did not exist Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 si4) Li Ban|李班 li3 ban1 7 months in 334 Yuheng (玉衡 yu4 heng2) 7 months in 334

Did not exist You Gong (幽公 you1 gong1) Li Qi|李期 li3 qi1 334-338 Yuheng (玉恆 yu4 heng2) 334-338

Han Empire 338-347
Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1) Zhao Wen Di (昭文帝 zhao1 wen2 di4) Li Shou|李壽 li3 shou4 338-343 Hanxing (漢興 han4 xing1) 338-343

Did not exist Gui Yi Hou (歸義侯 gui1 yi4 hou2) Li Shi|李勢 li3 shi4 343-347
Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 343-346
Jianing (嘉寧 jia1 ning2) 346-347

Qian (Former) Yan Empire 337-370
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Wen Ming Di (文明帝 wen2 ming2 di4) Mu Rong Huang|慕容皝 mu4 rong2 huang3 337-348 Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 337-348

Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1) Jing Zhao Di (景昭帝 jing3 zhao1 di4) Mu Rong Jun|慕容俊 mu4 rong2 jun4 348-360
Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 348-353
Yuanxi (元璽 yuan2 xi3) 353-357
Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 357
Guangshou (光壽 gunag1 shou4) 357-360

Did not exist You Di (幽帝 you1 di4) Mu Rong Wei|慕容暐 mu4 rong2 wei3 360-370
Jianxi (建熙 jian4 xi1) 360-365
Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 365-370

Hou (Later) Yan Empire 384-407
Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) Wu Cheng Di (武成帝 wu3 cheng2 di4) Mu Rong Chui|慕容垂 mu4 rong2 chui2 384-396
Yanyuan (燕王 yan4 wang2) 384-385
Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 386-396

Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1) Hui Min Di (惠愍帝 hui4 min3 di4) Mu Rong Bao|慕容寶 mu4 rong2 bao3 396-398 Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 396-398

Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1) Zhao Wu Di (昭武帝 zhao1 wu3 di4) Mu Rong Sheng|慕容盛 mu4 rong2 sheng4 398-401
Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 398
Changluo (長樂 chang2 le4) 399-401

Did not exist Zhao Wen Di (昭文帝 zhao1 wen2 di4) Mu Rong Xi|慕容熙 mu4 rong2 xi1 401-407
Guangshi (光始 guang1 shi3) 401-406
Jianshi (建始 jian4 shi3) 407

Nan (Southern) Yan Empire 398-410
Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1) Xian Wu Di (獻武帝 xian4 wu3 di4) Mu Rong De|慕容德 mu4 rong2 de2 398-405
Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 398-400
Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 400-405

Did not exist Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) Mu Rong Chao|慕容超 mu4 rong2 chao1 405-410 Taishang (太上 tai4 shang4) 405-410

Bei (Northern) Yan Empire 407-436
Did not exist Hui Yi Di (惠懿帝 hui4 yi4 di4) Gao Yun|高雲 gao1 yun2 407-409 Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 407-409

Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Wen Cheng Di (文成帝 wen2 cheng2 di4) Feng Ba|馮跋 feng2 ba2 409-430 Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 409-430

Did not exist Zhao Cheng Di (昭成帝 zhao1 cheng2 di4) Feng Hong|馮弘 feng2 hong2 430-436 Daxing (大興 da4 xing1) 430-436

Qian (Former) Liang Kingdom 320-376
Did not exist Cheng Gong (成公 cheng2 gong1) Zhang Mao|張茂 zhang1 mao4 320-324 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 320-324

Did not exist Zhong Cheng Gong (忠成公 zhong1 cheng2 gong1) Zhang Jun|張駿 zhang1 jun4 324-346 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 324-346

Did not exist Huan Gong (桓公 huan2 gong1) Zhang Chong Hua|張重華 zhang1 chong2 hua2 346-353 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 346-353

Did not exist Ai Gong (哀公 ai1 gong1) Zhang Yao Ling|張曜靈 zhang1 yao4 ling2 3 months (the ninth to the twelfth month) in 353 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 353

Did not exist Wei Wang (威王 wei1 wang2) Zhang Zuo|張祚 zhang1 zuo4 353-355
Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 353-354
Heping (和平 he2 ping2) 354-355

Did not exist Jing Dao Gong (敬悼公 jing4 dao4 gong1) or Chong Gong (沖公 chong1 gong1) Zhang Xuan Jing|張玄靖 zhang1 xuan2 jing4 355-363
Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 355-361
Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 361-363

Did not exist Dao Gong (悼公 dao4 gong1) Zhang Tian Xi|張天錫 zhang1 tian1 xi2 364-376 Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 364-376

Hou (Later) Liang Kingdom 386 AD - 403 AD
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Yi Wu Wang (懿武王 yi4 wu3 wang2) Luu Guang|呂光 uu3 guang1 386-399
Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 386-389
Lunjia (麟嘉 lun2 jia1) 389-396
Longfei (龍飛 long2 fei1) 396-399

Did not exist Yin Wang (隱王 yin3 wang2) Luu Shao|呂紹 luu3 shao4 399 Longfei (龍飛 long2 fei1) 399

Did not exist Ling Wang (靈王 ling2 wang2) Luu Zuan|呂纂 luu3 zuan3 399-401 Xianning (咸寧 xian2 ning2) 399-401

Did not exist Shang Shu Gong (尚書公 shang4 shu1 gong1) or Jiankang Gong (建康公 jian4 kang1 gong1) Luu Long|呂隆 luu3 long2 401-403 Shending (神鼎 shen2 ding3) 401-403

Nan (Southern) Liang Kingdom 397 AD - 414 AD
Lie Zu (烈祖 lie4 zu3) Wu Wang (武王 wu3 wang2) Tufa Wu Gu|禿髮烏孤 tu1 fa3 wu1 gu1 397-399 Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 397-399

Did not exist Kang Wang (康王 kang1 wang2) Tufa Li Lu Gu|禿髮利鹿孤 tu1 fa3 li4 lu4 gu1 399-402 Jianhe (建和 jian4 he2) 399-402

Did not exist Jing Wang (景王 jing3 wang2) or Jing Wang (敬王 jing4 wang2) Tufa Ru Tan|禿髮傉檀 tu1 fa3 li4 ru4 tan2 402-414
Hongchang (弘昌 hong2 chang1) 402-404
Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 409-414

Bei (Northern) Liang Kingdom 397-414 (as Kings of Gao Chang 442-460)
Did not exist Did not exist Duan Ye|段業 duan4 ye4 397-401
Shen Xi (神璽 shen2 xi3) 397-399
Tian Xi (天璽 tian1 xi3) 399-401

Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Wu Xuan Wang (武宣王 wu3 xuan1 wang2) Ju Qu Meng Xun|沮渠蒙遜 ju3 qu2 meng2 xun4 401-433
Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 401-412
Xuanshi (玄始 xuan2 shi3) 412-428
Chengxuan (承玄 cheng2 xuan2) 428-430
Yihe (義和 yi4 he2) 430-433

Did not exist Ai Wang (哀王 ai1 wang2)
Ju Qu Mu Jian|沮渠牧犍 ju3 qu2 mu4 jian1 433-439 Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 433-439

Did not exist Did not exist Ju Qu Wu Hui|沮渠無諱 ju3 qu2 wu2 hui4 442-444
Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 442-443
Qianshou (乾壽 qian2 shou4) 443-444

Did not exist Did not exist Ju Qu An Zhou|沮渠安周 ju3 qu2 an1 zhou1 444-460 Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 444-460

Xi (Western) Liang Kingdom 400-421
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Wu Zhao Wang (武昭王 wu3 zhao1 wang2) Li Gao|李暠 li3 gao3 400-417
Gengzi (庚子 geng1 zi5) 400-405
Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) 406-416

Did not exist Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) Li Xin|李歆 li3 xin1 417-420 Jiaxing (嘉興 jia1 xing1) 417-420

Did not exist Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) Li Xun|李恂 li3 xun2 420-421 Yongjian (永建 yong3 jian4) 420-421

Qian Former Qin Empire 351 AD - 394 AD
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) Jing Ming Di (景明帝 jing3 ming2 di4) Fu Jian|苻健 fu2 jian4 351-355 Huangshi (皇始 huang2 shi3) 351-355

Did not exist Li Wang (厲王 li4 wang2) Fu Sheng|苻生 fu2 sheng1 355-357 Shouguang (壽光 shou4 guang1) 355-357

Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) Xuan Zhao Di (宣昭帝 xuan1 zhao1 di4) Fu Jian|苻堅 fu2 jian1 357-385
Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 357-359
Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 359-364
Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 365-385

Did not exist Ai Ping Di (哀平帝 ai1 ping2 di4) Fu Pi|苻丕 fu2 pi1 385-386 Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 385-386

Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1) Gao Di (高帝 gao1 di4) Fu Deng|苻登 fu2 deng1 386-394 Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 385-394

Did not exist Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) Fu Chong|苻崇 fu2 chong2 several months in 394 Yanchu (延初 yan2 chu1) 394

Hou (Later) Qin Empire 384 AD - 417 AD
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Wu Zhao Di (武昭帝 wu3 zhao1 di4) Yao Chang|姚萇 yao2 chang2 384-393
Bai Que(白雀 bai2 que4) 384-386
Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) 386-393

Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) Wen Huan Di (文桓帝 wen2 huan2 di4) Yao Xing|姚興 yao2 xing1 394-416
Huangchu (皇初 huang2 chu1) 394-399
Hongshi (弘始 hong2 shi3) 399-416

Did not exist Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) Yao Hong|姚泓 yao2 hong2 416-417 Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 416-417

Xi (Western) Qin Kingdom 385-400,409-431
Lie Zu (烈祖 lie4 zu3) Xuan Lie Wang (宣烈王 xuan1 lie4 wang2) Qifu Guo Ren|乞伏國仁 qi3 fu2 guo2 ren2 385-388 Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 385-388

Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) Wu Yuan Wang (武元王 wu3 yuan2 wang2) Qifu Gan Gui|乞伏乾歸 qi3 fu2 gan1 gui1 388-400,409-412
Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 388-400
Gengshi (更始 geng4 shi3) 409-412

Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Wen Zhao Wang (文昭王 wen2 zhao1 wang2) Qifu Chi Pan|乞伏熾磐 qi3 fu2 chi4 pan2 388-400,409-412
Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 412-419
Jianhong (建弘 jian4 hong2) 420-428

Did not exist Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) Qifu Mu Mo|乞伏暮末 qi3 fu2 mu4 mo4 428-431 Yonghong (永弘 yong3 hong2) 428-431

Xia Empire 407-431
Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) Wu Lie Di (武烈帝 wu3 lie4 di4) Helian Bo Bo|赫連勃勃 he4 lian2 bo2 bo2 407-425
Longsheng (龍升 long2 sheng1) 407-413
Fengxiang (鳳翔 feng4 xiang2) 413-418
Changwu (昌武 chang1 wu3) 418-419
Zhenxing (真興 chen1 xing1) 419-425

Did not exist Qin Wang (秦王 qin2 wang2) Helian Chang|赫連昌 he4 lian2 chang1 425-428 Chengguang (承光 cheng2 guang1) 425-428

Did not exist Ping Yuan Wang (平原王 ping2 yuan2 wang2) Helian Ding|赫連定 he4 lian2 ding4 428-431 Shengguang (勝光 sheng4 guang1) 425-428

Sovereignties established by Wu Hu

Sovereignties established by Chinese and Wu Hu but traditionally not counted in the Sixteen Kingdoms
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: use personal name
Ran Wei Kingdom 350-352 (addressed as Wei Kingdom in traditional texts)
Wu Dao Tian Wang (武道天王 wu3 dao4 tian1 wang2) Ran Min|冉閔 ran3 min3 350-352 Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 350-352

Xi (Western) Yan Empire 384-394
Wei Di (威帝 wei1 di4) Mu Rong Hong|慕容泓 mu4 rong2 hong2 384 Yanxing (燕興 yan4 xing1) 384

Did not exist Mu Rong Chong|慕容沖 mu4 rong2 chong1 384-386
Yanxing (燕興 yan4 xing1) 384-385
Gengshi (更始 geng4 shi3) 385-386

Did not exist Duan Sui|段隨 duan4 sui2 386 Changping (昌平 chang1 ping2) 386
Did not exist Mu Rong Tao|慕容韜 mu4 rong2 tao1 386 Jianming (建明 jian4 ming2) 386

Did not exist Mu Rong Yao|慕容瑤 mu4 rong2 yao2 386 Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 386

Did not exist Mu Rong Zhong|慕容忠 mu4 rong2 zhong1 386 Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 386

Did not exist Mu Rong Yong|慕容永 mu4 rong2 yong3 386-394 Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 386-394

Shu Kingdom 405-413
Cheng Du Wang (成都王 cheng2 du1 wang2) Qiao Zong|譙縱 qiao2 zong4 405-413 Did not exist

Chieftains of Tiefu Tribe ( mid-3rd century-391 )
Did not exist Liu Qu Bei|劉去卑 liu2 qu4 bei1 mid 3rd century Did not exist

Did not exist Liu Gao Sheng Yuan|劉誥升爰 liu2 gao4 sheng1 yuan2 mid 3rd century - late 3rd century Did not exist

Did not exist Liu Hu|劉虎 liu2 hu3 early 4th century (309?) - 341 Did not exist

Did not exist Liu Wu Heng|劉務恒 liu2 wu4 heng2 341-356 Did not exist

Did not exist Liu E Lou Tou|劉閼陋頭 liu2 e4 lou4 tou2 356-358 Did not exist

Did not exist Liu Xi Wu Qi|劉悉勿祈 liu2 xi1 wu4 qi2 358-359 Did not exist

Did not exist Liu Wei Chen|劉衛辰 liu2 wei4 chen2 359-391 Did not exist

Chieftains of Yuwen Tribe ( late-3rd century-345 )
Did not exist Yuwen Mo Huai|宇文莫槐 yu3 wen2 mo4 huai2 late 3rd century-293 Did not exist

Did not exist Yuwen Pu Hui|宇文普回 yu3 wen2 pu3 hui2 or Yuwen Pu Bo|宇文普撥 yu3 wen2 pu3 bo1 293-late 3rd century Did not exist

Did not exist Yuwen Qiu Bu Quan|宇文丘不勤 yu3 wen2 qiu1 bu4 qin2 late 3rd century Did not exist

Did not exist Yuwen Mo Gui|宇文莫圭 yu3 wen2 mo4 gui1 late 3rd century (299?)- early 4th century (302?) Did not exist

Did not exist Yuwen Xi Du Guan|宇文悉獨官 yu3 wen2 xi1 du2 guan1 early 3rd century Did not exist

Did not exist Yuwen Qi De Gui|宇文乞得歸 yu3 wen2 qi3 de5 gui1 early 3rd century - 333 Did not exist

Did not exist Yuwen Yi Dou Gui|宇文逸豆歸 yu3 wen2 yi4 dou4 gui1 333-345 Did not exist

Dukes of Liaoxi 303-338
Did not exist Duan Wu Wu Chen|段務勿塵 duan4 wu4 wu4 chen2 303-310 or 311 Did not exist

Did not exist Duan Ji Lu Quan|段疾陸眷 duan4 ji2 lu4 juan4 310 or 311 - 318 Did not exist

Did not exist Duan She Fu Chen|段涉復辰 duan4 she4 fu4 chen2 318 Did not exist

Did not exist Duan Pi Di|段匹磾 duan4 pi3 di1 318-321 Did not exist

Did not exist Duan Mo Pei|段末柸 duan4 mo4 pei1 318-325 Did not exist

Did not exist Duan Ya|段牙 duan4 ya2 325 Did not exist

Did not exist Duan Liao|段遼 duan4 liao2 326-338 Did not exist

Chieftains, Dukes and Kings of Chouchi, Wuxing and Yinping (late 2nd century- mid 6th century (555?) )
First Phase of Chouchi (late 2nd century-371)
Did not exist Yang Teng|楊騰 yang2 teng2 late 2nd century- early 3rd century Did not exist

Did not exist Yang Ju|楊駒 yang2 ju1 early 3rd century Did not exist

Did not exist Yang Qian Wan|楊千萬 yang2 qian1 wan4 early 3rd century - mid 3rd century Did not exist

Did not exist Yang Fei Long|楊飛龍 yang2 fei1 long2 mid 3rd century - late 3rd century Did not exist

Did not exist Yang Mao Sou|楊茂搜 yang2 mao4 sou1 late 3rd century - 317 Did not exist

Did not exist Yang Nan Di|楊難敵 yang2 nan2 di2 317-334 Did not exist

Did not exist Yang Yi|楊毅 yang2 yi4 334-337 Did not exist

Did not exist Yang Chu|楊初 yang2 chu1 337-355 Did not exist

Did not exist Yang Guo|楊國 yang2 guo2 355-356 Did not exist

Did not exist Yang Jun|楊俊 yang2 jun4 356-360 Did not exist

Did not exist Yang Shi|楊世 yang2 shi4 360-370 Did not exist

Did not exist Yang Cuan|楊篡 yang2 cuan4 370-371 Did not exist

Second Phase of Chouchi 385-473
Wu Wang|武王 wu3 wang2 Yang Ding|楊定 yang2 ding4 385-394 Did not exist

Hui Wen Wang|惠文王 hui4 wen2 wang2 Yang Sheng|楊盛 yang2 sheng4 394-425 Did not exist

Xiao Zhao Wang|孝昭王 xiao4 zhao1 wang2 Yang Xuan|楊玄 yang2 xuan2 425-429 Did not exist

Did not exist Yang Bao Zong|楊保宗 yang2 bao3 zong1 429 and 443 Did not exist

Did not exist Yang Nan Dang|楊難當 yang2 nan2 dang1 429-441 Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 436-440

Did not exist Yang Bao Chi|楊保熾 yang2 bao3 chi4 442-443 Did not exist

Did not exist Yang Wen De|楊文德 yang2 wen2 de2 443-454 Did not exist

Did not exist Yang Yuan He|楊元和 yang2 yuan2 he2 455-466 Did not exist

Did not exist Yang Seng Si|楊僧嗣 yang2 seng1 si4 466-473 Did not exist