Timeline of Ancient Rome
This is a Timeline of events concerning Ancient Rome, from the city foundation until the last attempt of the Roman Empire of the East to conquer Rome. Note: After the 3rd century AD, the timeline is very incomplete – you can help Wikipedia by adding dates to it.
753 BC – Traditional date for the founding of Rome by Romulus; Rome as a kingdom 753/715 BC – reign of Romulus 715/673 BC – reign of Numa Pompilius: creation of the Roman senate and the priestly offices
673/642 BC – reign of Tullus Hostilius: building of the Curia Hostilia – the senate-house 642/617 BC – reign of Ancus Marcius 617/578 BC – reign of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus: building of the Circus Maximus, Rome gets the first system of sewers; first census
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578/534 BC – reign of Servius Tullius: defined the sacred boundary of Rome - the pomerium 534/509 BC – reign of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the last Roman king: builds temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus 509 BC – Roman Republic begins: expulsion of Tarquinius Superbus: first consuls are Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus 508 BC – The office of pontifex maximus (high priest) is created
496 BC – Rome defeats the Latin League at the battle of Lake Regillus 494 BC – Two tribunes of the plebs and two plebeian aediles are elected for the first time 459 BC – The college of the tribune of the Plebs is raised from two to ten tribunes 451 BC – The Decemviri publishes the Twelve Tables of Roman law 447 BC – Assembly of the People created: two quaestors elected for the first time 445 BC – *The office of consul is replaced by an assembly of military tribune with consular powers*Marriage between patricians and plebeians allowed 443 BC – Censors elected for the first time 421 BC – Number of quaestors raised from 2 to 4; office opened to plebeians
396 BC – *Rome conquers the Etruscanss *Roman soldiers earn their first salary 390 BC – The Gauls defeat the Roman army at the battle of the Allia; sack of Rome by the Gauls 375/371 BC – Anarchy years: no magistrates elected 367 BC – The consulship restored in its original form 366 BC – *Elected the first non-patrician consul: Lucius Sextius Sextinus*Office of Praetor urbanus created 351 BC – Elected the first non-patrician censor 343/341 BC – First Samnite war 342 BC - Lex Genucia: no man can hold the same office before 10 years have elapsed from the first election 338 BC – Latin League dissolved after yet another rebellion 326/304 BC – Second Samnite war 300 BC - Lex Ogulnia: priesthoods opened to plebeians
298/290 BC – Third Samnite war 283 BC – Rome defeats the Etruscans and the Boii (a Gallic tribe) in the Battle of Lake Vadimo 280/275 BC – War against Pyrrhus, king of Epirus (modern Greece) 267 BC – Number of quaestors raised from 4 to 6 264/241 BC – First Punic War against Carthage 242 BC - Office of Praetor peregrinus created 241 BC – Following the defeat of Carthage, Sardinia and Corsica becomes the first Roman province 227 BC – Number of quaestors raised from 6 to 8; number of praetors raised from 2 to 4 224 BC – Rome defeats invading Gallic army at the Battle of Telamon 223 BC – Rome defeats Gauls in Cisalpine Gaul 218/201 BC – Second Punic War against Carthage 216 BC – Hannibal inflicts a disaster for Rome at the Battle of Cannae 214/205 BC – First Macedonian War, Romans defeated 213/211 BC – Siege of Syracuse, Rome captures the city 204/202 BC – Scipio Africanus Major invades Africa, Hannibal recalled and defeated in the Battle of Zama in 202 BC 202/196 BC – Second Macedonian War, Roman victory
197 BC – *Hispania Ulterior and Hispania Tarraconensis become Roman provinces* Number of quaestors raised from 8 to 12; number of praetors raised from 4 to 6 192/189 BC – Syrian war against the Seleucid dynasty 180 BC – Lex Villia annalis: established minimum ages for the cursus honorum offices; determined an interval of two years between offices 172/167 BC – Third Macedonian War, Roman victory 154/138 BC – War against the Lusitanians 149/146 BC – Third Punic War against Carthage 149/148 BC – Fourth Macedonian War 149 BC – A permanent extortion court is established by Lex Calpurnia 146 BC – Scipio Aemilianus Africanus (Scipio Africanus the Younger) puts an end in the Punic and Macedonian threat by destroying the cities of Carthage and Corinth; Macedonia and Africa are annexed as provinces 133 BC – The tribune Tiberius Gracchus is murdered after approving an agrarian reform 121 BC – *Rome acquires the province of Transalpine Gaul (south of modern France) and a safe land route to Hispania*The Senate approves the first Senatus consultum de re publica defenda to deal with the threat of violence started by tribune Gaius Gracchus 112/106 BC – Jugurthine War against king Jughurta of Numidia, eventually defeated and captured by Marius105 BC – The invading tribe of the Cimbri inflict a major defeat on the Roman army in the battle of Arausio 104/100 BC - Gaius Marius elected consul for five years in a row102 BC - Romans under Marius defeat Teutons in the Battle of Aquae Sextae101 BC - Romans under Marius and Quintus Lutatius Catulus defeat the Cimbri in the Battle of Vercellae
91/88 BC – Social wars, the last rebellion of the Italian nations against Rome 88 BC – Sulla crosses the pomerium with his legions and invades Rome 88/85 BC – First Mithridatic War against Mithridates VI of Pontus 83/82 BC – First Roman civil war, between Sulla and the popular faction; Sulla wins and becomes dictator; censor office abolished (to be recreated in 70 BC) 83/82 BC – Second Mithridatic War; Sulla returns to Rome and is nominated dictator 82/72 BC – Sertorius, the last Marian general continues the civil war in Hispania 74/66 BC – Third Mithridatic War, eventually won by Pompey 67 BC – Pompey clears the Mediterranean of pirates 63 BC – *Fall of Jerusalem*consulship of Cicero; Catiline conspiracies 59/54 BC – First triumvirate, an alliance between Julius Caesar, Pompey and Crassus 58/50 BC – Caesar fights the Gallic wars, acquiring the province of Gallia Comata 54/53 BC – First campaign against the Parthian Empire; Crassus utterly defeated and killed 49 BC – Caesar crosses the Rubicon (alea iacta est) and begins the Second Roman civil war against the Optimates, the conservative faction of the senate, led by Pompey 48/45 BC – Caesar pursues and defeats the Optimates in Greece and Africa 44 BC – Caesar is assassinated in the Ides of March 44/42 BC – Third Roman civil war, between the assassins of Caesar (led by Cassius and Brutus) and Caesar's heirs, Octavian and Mark Antony 43 BC – Octavian, Antony and Lepidus form the second triumvirate 36 BC – Antony' Parthian campaign ends in failure 32 BC – End of peaceful relations between Octavian and Antony31 BC – In the battle of Actium, Octavian decisively defeats Antony and Cleopatra 30 BC – Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide; Egypt becomes a Roman province27 BC – End of the Republic, begin of the Roman Empire: Octavian is now called Augustus Caesar and becomes the sole ruler of Rome 28/24 BC – Augustus' campaigns against the Cantabrians in Hispania Tarraconensis 16/15 BC – Augustus' campaigns against the Alpine tribes 12/7 BC – Tiberius and Drusus conquer Pannonia and campaign against the Germanic tribes
5 – Tiberius conquers Germania Inferior 6 – Judaea becomes a Roman province 6/9 – Rebellions in Pannonia and Dalmatia suppressed by Germanicus 9 – Three Roman legions are ambushed and massacred by the Germans in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest 11 – Germania Inferior and the Rhine secured by Germanicus 14 – Death of Augustus, Tiberius becomes emperor 14/15 – Germanicus campaigns against the Germanic tribes 26 – Tiberius retires to Capri, governing Rome by proxy 28 – The tribe of the Frisii rebel because of taxes 31 – The fall of Sejanus 37 –Caligula becomes emperor 41 –Claudius becomes emperor 43 – Claudius orders the Roman invasion of Britain 54 –Nero becomes emperor 60/61 – Boudicca, queen of the Iceni, leads a rebellion that devastates Britain 64 – Rome is destroyed by fire; Nero blames the Christians and orders first persecution 66/74 – Jewish rebellions in Judea68 – Nero commits suicide – end of the Julio-Claudian dynasty; succeeded by Galba69 – Year of the four emperors: after the assassination of Galba, Otho and Vitellius briefly become emperors before Vespasian's accession to power in the end of the year; Flavian dynasty begins69/70 – Civilis leads the Batavian rebellion in Germania Inferior; defeated by Quintus Petillius Cerialis71/84 – pacification of Britain, conquest of modern Wales and Scotland79 – * Titus Flavius becomes emperor*August 24, an eruption of Vesuvius destroys of Pompeii and Herculaneum80 – Rome partially destroyed by fire81 – Domitian becomes emperor85 – king Decebalus of Dacia rebels and invades Moesia89 – rebellions in Germania Inferior and Pannonia force peace with Decebalus of Dacia96 – Domitian killed – end of Flavian dynasty; succeeded by Nerva'\, the first of the Five good emperors 98 – Trajan becomes emperor
101/102 – First Dacian War105/106 – Second Dacian War; king Decebalus commits suicide and Dacia becomes a province 106 – Building of Trajan's Forum and construction of Trajan's column113/117 – Trajan's unsuccessful campaigns against the Parthian Empire115/117 – Jewish rebellions in Egypt117 – Hadrian becomes emperor121/125 – Hadrian travels through the Northern Empire122 – construction of Hadrian's Wall begins128/132 – Hadrian travels through Africa and the Eastern Empire131/135 - Jewish rebellions led by Simon bar Kokhba138 – Antoninus Pius becomes emperor 140/143 – After a rebellion Antoninus conquers Scotland; construction of Antonine Wall begins150/163 – rebellions in Scotland, Antonine Wall is abandoned and reoccupied several times161 – Marcus Aurelius becomes emperor162/166 – Lucius Verus unsuccessful campaigns against the Parthian Empire167 – The tribe of the Marcomanni crosses the Danube and invades Dacia168/175 – Marcus Aurelius' campaigns against the Marcomanni180 – Death of Marcus Aurelius, the last of the Five good emperors; Commodus becomes emperor184 – Antonine Wall abandoned for the last time193 – Commodus is murdered. After the short two and a half month reign of Pertinax, Septimius Severus becomes emperor. There is opposition from first from Pescennius Niger, then from Clodius Albinus197 – Septimius Severus secures the empire after the battle of Lugdunum198 – Septimius Severus invades Parthia
3rd century208/211 – Severus campaigns against the Caledonians211 – Caracalla becomes emperor217 – Caracalla murdered; Macrinus becomes emperor218 – Elagabulus usurps the throne222 – Alexander Severus becomes emperor284 – Diocletian becomes emperor
4th century330 – Constantine I makes Constantinople the capital378 – Valens is defeated and killed by the Goths at the Battle of Adrianople395 – Theodosius I divided the empire into two halves
5th century410 – Rome is sacked by Alaric I447 – Eastern Rome loses to Attila the Hun455 – Rome is plundered by the Vandals468 – Leo I launches a naval expedition against the Vandals475 – Romulus Augustus becomes emperor476 – Romulus Augustus forced to abdicate. Traditional date for the fall of the western Roman Empire.
6th century533 – Justinian I' begins to restore the empire in the west; Belisarius defeats the Vandals at the Battle of Ad Decimum and the Battle of Ticameron536 – Belisarius recaptures Rome from the Ostrogoths552 – Narses defeats the Ostrogoths at the Battle of Taginae553 – Narses defeats the Ostrogoths at the Battle of Mons Lactarius568 – The Lombards invade Italy; no further attempts to restore the empire
History – Ancient History - Ancient Rome – Timeline of Ancient Rome See also: List of ancient Romans – List of Roman battles – Military History of Rome – Political Institutions of Rome – Roman culture
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